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A bias-independent and self-calibrated measurement is proposed for the high-frequency response of dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulators (DPMZMs) based on two-tone and bias-swing modulation. The two-tone and bias-swing sidebands beat with each other and generate the desired low-frequency beat notes, which allows to extracting the modulation depths and half-wave voltages of DPMZMs from the sub-MHz electrical...
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