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Although T cells are able to recognize a wide variety of target peptides, they are often strongly focused on a few of the peptides and leave the rest of them unattended. This phenomenon of strongly biased immune response is known as immunodominance. Mathematically, an immunodominance problem can be formulated using optimal control principles as a two-point boundary-value problem. The solution of this...
The two major classifications of active cell balancing methods are charge shuttling and energy converting. In this paper, flyback transformer is used as storage element to move energy from one cell to another. A multi-output flyback transformer DC/DC converter prototype is built and tested. The test batteries used in this study were 8 Ah manganese lithium battery pack. Through experiment, the advantages...
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