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Maternal influences are an important contributing factor to offspring survival, development, and behavior. Common environmental pathogens can induce maternal immune responses and affect subsequent development of offspring. There are likely sensitive periods during pregnancy when animals are particularly vulnerable to environmental disruption. Here we characterize the effects of maternal immunization...
There is a well‐established positive relationship between gonadal steroids and aggression. In some seasonally breeding species, however, aggression often persists or is increased during short “winter‐like” days when the gonads are regressed and circulating levels of gonadal steroids are relatively low. Although the mechanisms underlying short‐day increases in aggression are not fully known, the adrenal...
Testosterone mediates aggression in many vertebrates. In some species, aggression remains high during the non‐breeding season (e.g., winter), when testosterone levels are low. In Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus), we have demonstrated photoperiodic changes in aggression with hamsters housed in short, “winter‐like” days displaying significantly more territorial aggression than long‐day animals,...
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