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Polarimetric radar is one of the well known techniques for Concealed Weapon Detection. Usually a tri-static configuration is used, whereby a transmitter transmits energy with a specified polarization (horizontal or vertical) and two separate receivers receive the reflected energy. One of the receivers is co-polarized (CO) and the other is cross-polarized (X). The ratio of the CO and X signals will...
This paper presents the design and development of an X-band LFM sweep generator. The proposed waveform generator utilizes a fully synthesized hybrid architecture that combines the advantages of both DDS and PLL. The architecture consists of a synthesized PLL source with DDS as a reference generator. At start up, the PLL is programmed for a fixed frequency while DDS is programmed for a linear triangular...
This paper presents design and development of PIN diode based RF circuit blocks for radar applications. These RF blocks include a high power limiter, 5-bit digital phase shifter and a high isolation SPDT switch. PIN diode modelling technique along with design challenges and implementation schemes for these RF blocks have been discussed. For limiter, a loss reduction technique has been discussed that...
A compact Ku-band waveguide-to-microstrip transition integrated with low noise amplifier is designed. It acts as an interconnect between waveguide antenna and RF receiver modules. The transition design consists of standard waveguide WR62, a cavity for the low noise amplifier and a solid transformer section in the form of a staircase called ridge. The ridge is fixed in the bottom wall of a waveguide...
Design and development of a frequency agile fast switching hybrid synthesizer in the X-band is described. Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) technology offers very fine (sub-hertz) frequency tuning and very fast frequency switching due to its digital structure. On the other hand DDS cannot produce frequencies higher than a few hundred megahertz. Conventional PLL circuits can operate at very high frequencies...
The corporate structures are frequently used for combining power from two or more 2N (N is an even number) devices. The combiner output power and efficiency degrades due to input signals imbalance. We have discussed a novel phase-balance technique to minimize phase imbalance and increase of combining efficiency. The technique makes use of microstrip meander lines “a zig-zag trace of conductor on substrate”...
The design and implementation of a K-band (22GHz) PLL frequency synthesizer is described. The frequency source was intended to be used in a test and measurement setup and the design goal was to achieve spurious free signal with lower phase noise and lesser harmonics. The PLL is locked at half of the output frequency; therefore there is frequency doubler at the output stage. The output signal from...
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