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This paper critically analyses a statement by Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) on e‐cigarettes in May 2022 that will be used to guide national policy. We reviewed the evidence and the conclusions drawn in the NHMRC Statement. In our view, the Statement is not a balanced reflection of the benefits and risks of vaping because it exaggerates the risks of vaping and fails...
Background and Aims
CYP2B6, a genetically variable enzyme, converts bupropion to its active metabolite hydroxybupropion. CYP2B6 activity and bupropion‐aided cessation differ between women and men. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetically normal (versus reduced) CYP2B6 activity increases bupropion‐aided cessation in African American smokers via higher hydroxybupropion concentration,...
This narrative review examines the impact of cigarette smoking and the use of other tobacco and nicotine products on cardiovascular disease. Smoking increases the incidence of both acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases, and the harmful effects are substantially and relatively quickly reversible after quitting. Recommended cessation treatment includes offering pharmacotherapy, counseling which...
Background and Aims
Analysed using classical frequentist hypothesis testing with alpha set to 0.05, the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) did not find enough evidence to reject the hypothesis of no difference in neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPSAEs) attributable to varenicline, bupropion, or nicotine patch compared with placebo. This might be because the null...
Aims
It is not known whether the machine‐smoked nicotine yield of usual brand of cigarette smoked is associated with the chances of success of quit attempts. This study aimed to assess this association.
Design
Prospective study.
Setting
Republic of Korea.
Participants
A total of 16 808 male smokers registered for the Quitline between 7 April 2006 and 31 December 2013. Of these, 13 176 participants...
Background and Aims
Relative pharmacological effects of e‐cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad‐libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24‐hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48‐hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes were measured among dual users.
Design
Two‐arm within‐subject cross‐over design with preferred e‐cigarette or cigarette ad‐libitum...
Aim
To describe systemic nicotine exposure and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) in people who use both e‐cigarettes and cigarettes (dual users), including within‐subject comparisons of e‐cigarette and cigarette use.
Design
Two‐arm, counterbalanced cross‐over study. Participants used their usual brand of e‐cigarette or cigarette during a standardized session in a 2‐week...
Background and aims
Varenicline effectiveness may be related to the level of adherence, which might be reduced by adverse effects such as nausea. The aim of the study was to test a possible effect of nausea on smoking cessation outcomes mediated by adherence.
Design
Mediation path analysis.
Setting
Multiple sites within Canada and the United States.
Participants
Treatment‐seeking smokers receiving...
Aims
To review cytisine's history of use, pre‐clinical evidence, clinical pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse reactions (ARs) and safety for smoking cessation.
Methods
A synoptic review of the use of cytisine as a smoking cessation medication, mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and safety. Relevant literature on data included in these sections were identified through a search of 11 databases...
Aim
A previous study showed significantly greater reductions in number of cigarettes smoked and biomarkers of toxicant and carcinogen exposure in smokers assigned to immediate reduction of nicotine in cigarettes to very low levels versus gradually over time or continued smoking of normal nicotine content cigarettes. This study examines the effects of these approaches on selected biomarkers associated...
Background and Aims
Vaporized nicotine products (VNPs) can vary in important characteristics including size, shape, flavor and nicotine yield. We examined whether complex interactions among these characteristics could affect smokers’ VNP perceptions and usage patterns.
Design
A within‐subject randomized cross‐over trial.
Setting
Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
Participants...
Aims
To assess (1) how far the efficacies of front‐line smoking cessation pharmacotherapies vary as a function of smoker characteristics and (2) associations between these characteristics and success of smoking cessation attempts.
Design
Prospective correlational study in the context of a double‐blind randomized trial. The outcome was regressed individually onto each covariate after adjusting for...
Background and aims
The activity of CYP2A6, the major nicotine‐inactivating enzyme, is measurable in smokers using the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR; 3′hydroxycotinine/cotinine). Due to its role in nicotine clearance, the NMR is associated with smoking behaviours and response to pharmacotherapies. The NMR is highly heritable (~80%), and on average lower in African Americans (AA) versus whites. We...
Background and Aims
Clinical trials on the impact and safety of reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCs) are ongoing, and an important methodological concern is participant compliance with smoking only RNCs. Our aims were to measure non‐compliance biochemically with urine cotinine (COT) and total nicotine equivalents (TNEs), compare with self‐reported non‐compliance and identify associated covariates...
Aims
To measure the systemic retention of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) in electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) users, and assess the abuse liability of e‐cigarettes by characterizing nicotine pharmacokinetics.
Design
E‐cigarette users recruited over the internet participated in a 1‐day research ward study. Subjects took 15 puffs from their usual brand of e‐cigarette...
Background and AimsA broadly mandated reduction of the nicotine content (RNC) of cigarettes has been proposed in the United States to reduce the addictiveness of cigarettes, to prevent new smokers from becoming addicted and to facilitate quitting in established smokers. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether following 7 months of smoking very low nicotine content cigarettes (VLNC),...
AimsTo evaluate the associations of treatment and an additive genetic efficacy score (AGES) based on dopamine functional polymorphisms with time to first smoking lapse and point prevalence abstinence at end of treatment among participants enrolled into two randomized clinical trials of smoking cessation therapies.
DesignDouble‐blind pharmacogenetic efficacy trials randomizing participants to active...
Background and aimsGene variants in CHRNA5‐A3‐B4, which encode for the α5, α3 and β4 nicotinic receptor subunits, are associated with altered smoking behaviors in European Americans. Little is known about CHRNA5‐A3‐B4 and its association with smoking behaviors and weight in Alaska Native people, which is a population with high prevalence but low levels of tobacco consumption, extensive smokeless tobacco...
AimsTo investigate the relationships between tobacco dependence, biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure and biomarkers of nicotine and carcinogen exposure per cigarette in back and white smokers.
Design, setting and participantsA total of 204 healthy black (n = 69) and white (n = 135) smokers were enrolled into two clinical studies.
MeasurementNicotine equivalents (nicotine and its metabolites),...
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