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Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for making causal inferences, but RCTs are often not feasible in addiction research for ethical and logistic reasons. Observational data from real‐world settings have been increasingly used to guide clinical decisions and public health policies. This paper introduces the potential outcomes framework for causal inference and summarizes well‐established...
Aim
To (i) estimate the prevalence of adolescent vaping in 47 lower‐middle, upper‐middle and high‐income countries, and (ii) test the association between implementation of World Health Organisation (WHO) tobacco control policies and adolescent e‐cigarette use (also known as vaping) in 44 countries where implementation data were available.
Design
Cross‐sectional surveys.
Settings
A total of 47...
Aim
To test (1) if there was a change in self‐reported lifetime prevalence of meth/amphetamine use by birth cohort and (2) if the extent of under‐reporting of meth/amphetamine use was associated with the proportion of the population who nominated meth/amphetamine as a drug problem.
Design
Observational study using seven waves of repeated cross‐sectional nationally representative household surveys...
Aims
To estimate the treatment rate for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in the general adult population. Treatment rates were also considered in relation to economic differences.
Methods
Systematic review and meta‐analysis. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases to identify studies that reported treatment rates for alcohol use disorders in the general population. Independent reviewers...
Background and Aims
Studies have consistently found a longitudinal association between e‐cigarette use (vaping) and cigarette smoking. Many have interpreted such association as causal. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the plausibility of a causal interpretation by (1) estimating the effect of adolescent vaping on smoking initiation, adjusted for study quality characteristics, (2)...
Aim
To estimate the proportion of cannabis consumed in Australia by daily cannabis users.
Design
Monte Carlo simulation using parameters estimated from nationally representative and repeated cross‐sectional household surveys in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016.
Setting
Australia
Participants
Adult samples (mean age = 49.9; 55% females) from four National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (n = 92 243)...
Aim
To test if the degree of change in cannabis use between 2001 and 2013 differed according to socio‐economic status.
Design
Repeated cross‐sectional household surveys that were nationally representative.
Setting
Australia.
Participants
Adult samples from the 2001 and 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Surveys (n = 23 642 in 2001 and n = 21 353 in 2013), the largest nationally representative...
Aims
Failure to complete high school predicts substantial economic and social disadvantage in adult life. The aim of this study was to determine the longitudinal association of mid‐adolescent polydrug use and high school non‐completion, relative to other drug use profiles.
Design
A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between polydrug use in three cohorts at grade 9 (age 14–15 years) and school...
AimsThis study examined how family, peer and school factors are related to different trajectories of adolescent alcohol use at key developmental periods.
DesignLatent class growth analysis was used to identify trajectories based on five waves of data (from grade 6, age 12 to grade 11, age 17), with predictors at grades 5, 7 and 9 included as covariates.
SettingAdolescents completed surveys during...
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