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Membrane excitability is a fundamentally important feature for all excitable cells including both neurons and muscle cells. However, the background depolarizing conductances in excitable cells, especially in muscle cells, are not well characterized. Although mutations in transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins TMC1 and TMC2 cause deafness and vestibular defects in mammals, their precise action modes...
In the retina, presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms that shape directionally selective (DS) responses in output ganglion cells are well established. However, the nature of inhibition-independent forms of directional selectivity remains poorly defined. Here, we describe a genetically specified set of ON-OFF DS ganglion cells (DSGCs) that code anterior motion. This entire population of DSGCs exhibits asymmetric...
Excitatory synaptic transmission is modulated by inhibitory neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. We found that the synaptic transmission of somatic sensory afferents can be rapidly regulated by a presynaptically secreted protein, follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), which serves as a direct activator of Na + ,K + -ATPase (NKA). The FSTL1 protein is highly expressed in small-diameter neurons...
Dscam is an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily member that regulates axon guidance and targeting in Drosophila. Alternative splicing potentially generates 38,016 isoforms differing in their extracellular Ig and transmembrane domains. We demonstrate that Dscam mediates the sorting of axons in the developing mushroom body (MB). This correlates with the precise spatiotemporal pattern of Dscam protein expression...
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