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Objective
To identify the predictors of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy (PICM) and illustrate the safety and feasibility of conduction system pacing (CSP) upgrade on patients with long‐term persistent atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods
All patients with long‐term persistent AF and normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50% were consecutively enrolled from January 2008 to December 2017,...