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The 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake caused significant damage to embedded lifelines in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. In particular, the floating of embedded sewage pipes and manholes was widely observed on recently constructed artificial islands, where liquefaction took place both in loose backfill soils and the surrounding subsoil. This problem should be addressed in earthquake-prone...
One of the major impacts caused by the Mw = 9 gigantic earthquake in Japan was subsoil liquefaction in young reclaimed lands. The intensive reconnaissance studies on damage distribution revealed that there was a clear contrast in liquefaction resistance between natural alluvial deposits and younger artificial subsoil. Moreover, liquefaction in originally compacted river levees was recognized. The...
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