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Early arrival at the breeding grounds for migratory birds is associated with greater reproductive success. According to the condition-dependent arrival hypothesis, only those individuals in superior physiological condition are able to bear the costs (e.g., poor environmental conditions, limited food availability) of early arrival. Condition has usually been measured in terms of energy reserves or...
Long-distance passerine migrants deposit substantial fat stores to fuel their migratory journey. Many of those migratory birds arrive at their northerly breeding grounds with larger fat stores than were necessary to reach their breeding area. Both male and female American Redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) arrived to breed in Michigans Upper Peninsula with fat, and females arrived with more fat than...
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