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Residual stress gradients in electroplated nickel films of 1μm thickness are characterized for a wide range of current densities (1–20mA/cm 2 ) and electroplating temperatures (30–60°C) in a nickel sulfamate bath. Although a variety of stress measurements is available, exploration of stress gradients remain unstudied at the scale of 1μm. Stress gradients – unlike uniform stresses – can cause...
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