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Cover Illustration: Confocal microscopy image of proliferating cells (EdU; red nuclei), nuclei (DAPI; blue) and reactive microglia (green) in a vertical section of the retina. The proliferation of microglia and Müller glia derived progenitor cells is blocked by inhibition of S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, and subsequent suppression of histone methylation. (See Fischer, AJ, et al. https://doi.org/10...
Chromatin access and epigenetic control over gene expression play important roles in regulating developmental processes. However, little is known about how chromatin access and epigenetic gene silencing influence mature glial cells and retinal regeneration. Herein, we investigate the expression and functions of S‐adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH; AHCY) and histone methyltransferases (HMTs) during...
Cover Illustration: Confocal microscopy image of mouse retina showing Ascl1‐overexpressing Muller glia (GFP‐green) and neuronal markers (HuC/D‐blue; Lhx4‐red), indicating conversion of Muller glia to neuron‐like cells. NFkB‐signaling suppresses the conversion of Muller glia to neuron‐like cells. (See Palazzo, I., et al, https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.24181.)
Müller glia (MG) in mammalian retinas are incapable of regenerating neurons after damage, whereas the MG in lower vertebrates regenerate functional neurons. Identification of cell signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks that regulate MG‐mediated regeneration is key to harnessing the regenerative potential of MG. Here, we study how NFkB‐signaling influences glial responses to damage and reprogramming...
Endocannabinoids (eCB) are lipid‐based neurotransmitters that are known to influence synaptic function in the visual system. eCBs are also known to suppress neuroinflammation in different pathological states. However, nothing is known about the roles of the eCB system during the transition of Müller glia (MG) into proliferating progenitor‐like cells in the retina. Accordingly, we used the chick and...
Recent studies suggest midkine (MDK) is involved in the development and regeneration of the zebrafish retina. We investigate the expression patterns of MDK and related factors, roles in neuronal survival, and influence upon the formation of Müller glia‐derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in chick and mouse model systems. By using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing, we find that MDK and pleiotrophin (PTN), a...
Müller glia‐derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) have the capability to regenerate neurons in the retinas of different vertebrate orders. The formation of MGPCs is regulated by a network of cell‐signaling pathways. The purpose of this study was to investigate how BMP/Smad1/5/8‐ and TGFβ/Smad2/3‐signaling are coordinated to influence the formation of MGPCs in the chick model system. We find that pSmad1/5/8...
Reactive microglia and macrophages are prevalent in damaged retinas. Accordingly, we investigate how the activation or ablation of microglia/macrophages influences the survival of neurons in the chick retina in vivo. We applied intraocular injections of interleukin 6 (IL6) to stimulate the reactivity of microglia/macrophages and clodronate‐liposomes to ablate microglia/macrophages. Activation of the...
In retinas where Müller glia have been stimulated to become progenitor cells, reactive microglia are always present. Thus, we investigated how the activation or ablation of microglia/macrophage influences the formation of Müller glia‐derived progenitor cells (MGPCs) in the retina in vivo. Intraocular injections of the Interleukin‐6 (IL6) stimulated the reactivity of microglia/macrophage, whereas other...
Recent studies have demonstrated that insulin can have profound affects on the survival of neurons within the retina. The purpose of this study was to determine how insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) influences retinal cells; in particular, the glial cells. We identify a novel type of glial cell in the avian retina and provide evidence that these cells can respond to acute damage and IGF1. In normal...
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