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Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a theory that implicated venous reflux in the cerebral veins as a cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). Originally diagnosed by indirect duplex findings of abnormal flow in the cervical veins, all patients were found to have large vein (internal jugular or azygous) stenoses on venography. Although 100% prevalence of positive duplex findings in the...
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