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The development of methods to identify, validate, and use surrogate markers to test for a treatment effect has been an area of intense research interest given the potential for valid surrogate markers to reduce the required costs and follow‐up times of future studies. Several quantities and procedures have been proposed to assess the utility of a surrogate marker. However, few methods have been proposed...
The two-group comparison remains to be one of the most basic tasks in statistical analysis. In comparing the distribution of ordinal responses between two groups, Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test is often used for hypothesis testing, while the proportional odds model is employed for characterizing the between group difference. This synthetic approach raises an important question that whether the results...
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