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The sex of an individual affects glucose homeostasis and the pathophysiology, incidence, and prevalence of diabetes as well as the response to therapy.This review focuses on clinical and experimental sex differences in islet cell biology and dysfunction during development and in adulthood in human and animal models. We discuss sex differences in β-cell and α-cell function, heterogeneity, and dysfunction...
Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is one of the primary lesions in atherosclerosis development during diabetes. High glucose triggers VSMC proliferation and initiates activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Recently, clinical studies have demonstrated that replacement therapy with C-peptide, a cleavage product of insulin, to type 1 diabetic (T1D)...
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