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We propose a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for micro-scale sensor systems that measures ripple voltages in a switched capacitor energy harvester. Compared to conventional current mirror type MPPT circuits, this design incurs no voltage drop and does not require high bandwidth amplifiers. Using correlated double sampling, high accuracy is achieved with a power overhead of 5%, even at...
A 1.0 mm general-purpose sensor node platform with heterogeneous multi-layer structure is proposed. The sensor platform benefits from modularity by allowing the addition/removal of IC layers. A new low power C interface is introduced for energy efficient inter-layer communication with compatibility to commercial C protocols. A self-adapting power management unit is proposed...
Moore's Law has received much attention over the last decades. However, the lesser known “Bell's law” has potentially had equal impact on the transformation of electronic systems. Bell's law dictates that every decade the size of a complete computing system shrinks in volume by 100x while the number of such devices per person increases. Bell's law has driven the transformation of gigantic mainframes...
We propose an ultra-low power optical wake-up receiver with a novel front-end circuit and communication scheme suitable for miniature wireless sensor node applications. Named “FLOW” for Free-space Low-Power Optical Wake-up, the receiver consumes 695pW in standby mode, which is ∼6,000× lower than previously reported RF and ultrasound wake-up radios. In active mode, it consumes 140pJ/bit at 91bps. A...
Standby power reduction is critical to battery life and volume reduction in mm-scale sensor nodes. Power gating is extensively adopted to reduce leakage, but the inserted sleep transistors can suffer from other leakage mechanisms, namely GIDL, which become dominant at battery voltages of 3 V or higher. This paper introduces the concept of reconfigurable sleep transistors, in which two different topologies...
We propose a low power battery voltage supervisory circuit for micro-scale sensor systems that provides power-on reset, brown-out detection, and recovery detection to prevent malfunction and battery damage. Ultra-low power is achieved using a 57pA, fast stabilizing two-stage voltage reference and an 81pA leakage-based oscillator and clocked comparator. The supervisor was fabricated in 180nm CMOS and...
Wireless sensor nodes have many compelling applications such as smart buildings, medical implants, and surveillance systems. However, existing devices are bulky, measuring >1cm3, and they are hampered by short lifetimes and fail to realize the “smart dust” vision of [1]. Smart dust requires a mm3-scale, wireless sensor node with perpetual energy harvesting. Recently two application-specific implantable...
In this paper, a novel pulse transit time (PTT) measurement method which employs electrocardiography and bioimpedance measurement (ECG-BIM) is proposed. Unlike conventional method based on ECG and photoplethysmography (ECG-PPG), the proposed method offers a promising technique for continuous and portable monitoring of cardiovascular diseases, as it requires only electrical components that can be fully...
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