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Vmin measurements in 28nm FDSOI technology on 128Mb SRAM bitcells from −40°C to 125°C are reported in this paper. Adding the silicon ageing behavior and the process variability, we have developed a complete model and demonstrated end-of-life SRAM Vmin of 0.6V and 0.5V on 20Mb with 0.120µm2 and 0.152µm2 bitcells, respectively. This is the first report of a such extensive SRAM Vmin assessment at the...
One pillar of Model-Driven Development for real-time embedded software is the separation of concerns between application model and target platform. This requires definition of model transformations realizing the mapping of the application model onto the target platform. Real-Time and Embedded Systems design means coping with different target platforms and with heterogeneous constraints related to...
The documentation of customer needs from the source specifications in a modeling environment for allocating them to architectural elements needs efficient tools and techniques in requirement engineering. Once requirements are present in models, enhancement with suitable properties, classification, prioritization. and allocation on system architecture are then possible. A downside is that the customer...
One pillar of Model-Driven Development of real-time software is the separation of concerns between application model and target platform. This requires the definition of model transformations realizing the mapping of the application model onto the target platform. However, target platforms APIs and implementation patterns vary largely from one to the other. This requires the development of several...
Off-the-shelves general purpose modeling languages cannot obviously cover the whole range of needs that can be encountered in current systems design. Therefore, putting efficiently Model-Driven Engineering into practice involves designing specific modeling languages. The goal is to cover in a more suitable manner a particular application domain (e.g. automotive) or specific concerns (e.g. hardware...
This work analyses electromigration and dielectric lifetimes of 45 nm node CMOS interconnects. Reliability mechanisms and failure modes are discussed considering, on one hand, the interconnect materials and processes steps, and on the other hand scaling issues. Robust reliability performance meeting the required products target is actually obtained with process integration schemes used for the 45...
Multi-threaded real-time applications run on platforms that offer services such as concurrency, timing and synchronization. In a model driven context, separation of concerns between functional specification and design choices is one of the key challenges. For that purpose, annotations defined by the MARTE sub-profile for software resource modeling (SRM) provide high level abstractions of target software...
This article provides an overview of current efforts in Europe for using metamodeling in the integrated development of critical systems such as automotive electronics. It distinguishes between lightweight versus heavyweight approaches, surveys a number of related current European projects, and gives details about the Speeds project to illustrate the role of metamodeling-driven system engineering.
A UML profile for Modeling and Analysis of Real-Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) has been recently standardized by the OMG. This initiative meets the needs of several Thales divisions (e.g., aerospace, land and joint and air systems), which develop real-time and embedded systems. CEA LIST, INRIA and Thales have been the main contributors to the MARTE standard through the ProMARTE consortium. To foster...
One promising solution for meeting the demands of constantly-evolving real-time embedded (RTE) software is the model-driven development (MDD) paradigm, based on the principle of separating the description of an application from its platform-specific implementation. Existing model-driven approaches strive to achieve this separation through dedicated model transformations which actually embed a given...
The UML is now the most widespread language for systems modeling. However, this language has been designed as a general purpose modeling language that may lack for modeling constructs for specific domain, as for the real-time embedded (RTE) domain. In order to fill this lack, OMG has standardized a UML extension, called MARTE. This UML profile consists of specific concepts defined to cope with the...
Package electromigration tests were performed on dual damascene copper interconnects issued from the 90, 65 and 45 nm-node technologies. By varying the stress conditions during the steady state regime of the resistance increase, we study drift velocity evolution as a function of the current density j. Thus we show some large deviation of the Black's law, which assumes a linear dependence of the lifetime...
Embedded systems integrate more and more heterogeneous subsystems. This situation leads to consider on the one hand heterogeneity owing to different formalisms and on the other hand heterogeneity created by platforms in charge of realizing the system. To deal with formalism heterogeneity some modeling frameworks handle different formalisms or project them onto a pivot. Nevertheless these solutions...
Real-time (RT) applications are designed to control systems that are inherently parallel. For easing development, abstractions are mandatory to model this concurrency. To achieve this goal, the real-time object paradigm is proposed. It is used to demonstrate how to separate functional and concurrency concerns ensuring also high-level abstraction for parallelism modeling
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