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Applications employing data classification such as smart lighting that involve human factors such as perception lead to non-deterministic input-output relationships where more than one output may be acceptable for a given input. For these so called non-deterministic multiple output classification (nDMOC) problems, the relationship between the input and output may change over time making it difficult...
Modern vehicles are equipped with a lot of hard-and software systems that all generate in-vehicle data. Application development could benefit from a generic data acquisition layer to create a healthy, transparent and ethical data sharing environment. This paper investigates which policies are necessary in order to create this environment to stimulate development of applications that require access...
Introduction of automated driving increases complexity of automotive systems. As a result, architecture design becomes a major concern for ensuring non-functional requirements such as safety, and modifiability. In the ISO 26262 standard, architecture patterns are recommended for system development. However, the existing architecture patterns may not be able to answer requirements of automated driving...
Asynchronous Radio Duty Cycling (ARDC) protocols can make embedded networked devices more energy efficient by keeping their radio off most of the time without a need for synchronization between devices. Some ARDC protocols can operate under 6LoWPAN adaptation layer in order to enable the vision of Internet-of-Things for battery operated devices. In this paper, we propose three different protocols...
Radio duty cycling (RDC) is a method for making resource constrained Internet-of-Things devices more energy efficient. RDC protocols achieve energy efficiency by keeping their radio off most of the time. Asynchronous RDC (ARDC) forms a subclass in which devices are not synchronized. ARDC behavior may lead to reliability and predictability problems for broadcast and unicast message transmissions in...
The Internet of Things (IoT) is turning into practice. To drive innovations, it is crucial that programmers have means to develop IoT applications in the form of IoT programming frameworks. These are toolkits to develop applications according to a certain style or method and that let developers focus on the essence of their applications. New IoT programming frameworks are emerging frequently and this...
The IETF ROLL working group developed Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for packet routing within Low power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) formed by resource constrained devices. RPL handles LLN issues such as unreachable parent and routing loops by triggering reconstruction of routing tree. For unreachable neighbor detection, RPL requires an external mechanism with very low communication...
Busy period analysis is often used as a basis for worst-case response time analysis of priority based systems. However, when shaping strategies are used to prevent starvation of lower priorities, it becomes difficult to achieve tightness results using this method. The reason for this is that a busy period is defined as the longest interval in which there exists pending load. It is exclusively based...
We propose an extension of the mDNS/DNS-SD service discovery protocol, which enables service clients to discover and select services based on their context. The extension improves scalability in large networks, which is of particular importance in future Internet of Things deployments.
Smart Environments (SE) and Internet of Things (IoT) are two concepts that connect consumer electronics (CE) to each other and to the Internet domain. This enables various applications where CE devices work together to achieve goals of their users by communicating over a network. Application failures due to fluctuation of resources and environmental factors must be prevented, even though it is a challenge...
The functional correctness and the performance of smart environment applications can be hampered by faults. Fault tolerance solutions aim to achieve graceful performance degradation in the presence of faults, ideally without leading to application failures. This is a reactive approach and, by itself, gives little flexibility and time for preventing potential failures. We argue that the key step in...
Low-power wireless networks play an important role in the Internet of Things. Typically, these networks consist of a very large number of lossy and low-capacity devices, challenging the current state of the art in protocol design. In this context the Trickle algorithm plays an important role, serving as the basic mechanism for message dissemination in notable protocols such as RPL and MPL. While Trickle's...
Resource management is a vital activity of many resource platforms. For time-critical applications the principle resource to be managed is processor time. For many streaming video applications processor usage of their individual components follows a limited set of modes each of which represents a small range of processor utilization values. In this paper, we show that these modes often follow specific...
Switched Ethernet has been proposed as network technology for automotive and industrial applications. IEEE AVB is a collection of standards that specifies (among other elements) a set of network traffic shaping mechanisms (i.e., rules to regulate the traffic flow) to have guaranteed Quality of Service for Audio/Video traffic. However, in-vehicle control applications like advanced driver-assistance...
The functionality and the performance of smart environment applications can be hampered by faults. Fault tolerance solutions aim to achieve graceful performance degradation in the presence of faults, ideally without leading to application failures. This is a reactive approach and, by itself, gives little flexibility and time for preventing potential failures. We propose a proactive fault-prevention...
Simulations are often used to improve the development and test time of industrial embedded systems in different domains, such as healthcare, railway, automobile and aerospace. This paper introduces a general framework capable of simulating real components simultaneously with simulated ones, in real-time, and with a low impact on the performance of the overall system. Our framework is loosely dependent...
In this paper, we compare and survey different ways to model the scheduling delays corresponding to non-preemptive critical sections being executed by the tasks of different components that ultimately need to share one processor. We focus on the performance of compositional timing analyses for systems and we compare different protocols for the arbitration of tasks that wish to execute critical sections...
Many smart city lighting applications require information about the location of light poles, in particular about which light poles are neighbors along the street with respect to passing traffic. This paper addresses the problem of deriving the topology of light poles in a smart city, relying only on the data gathered from Passive Infrared Sensors attached to the light poles. A statistical algorithm...
We present a solution for service discovery of resource constrained devices based on mDNS/DNS-SD. We extend the mDNS/DNS-SD service discovery protocol with support for proxy servers. Proxy servers temporarily store information about services offered on resource constrained devices and respond on their behalf while they are not available. We analyze two protocols for the delegation mechanism between...
For people suffering from nocturnal epileptic seizures it is crucial to have a system that can detect such seizures in real-time. In this paper, we present a preclinical demonstrator for real-time detection of nocturnal seizures based on the heart rate. The system is built on the VITRUVIUS body sensor platform, which consists of a body hub (a smart phone) and sensors communicating via Bluetooth. The...
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