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We developed models for Type-N coaxial vector network analyzer (VNA) calibration kits within the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework. First, we created physical models of commercially-available standards that support multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) and open-short-load-thru (OSLT) calibrations, and included error mechanisms in each of the standards' constituent parameters that were utilized in the...
An integral part of processing a signal from a calibrated, equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope is accurately determining sampling times and then interpolating the resulting irregularly-spaced time grid to create a uniform time spacing. In this paper, we present simulations and measurements to determine the effect of the interpolation choice on the fidelity of a modulated signal. We judge the effect...
We propose a compact and low-cost waveform source that can be used to calibrate the magnitude and phase response of vector receivers over a bandwidth as large as a few gigahertz. The generator consists of a broadband comb generator followed by a filter and amplifier. As a demonstration, we constructed and calibrated a source suitable for calibrating vector signal analyzers operating between 43 GHz...
We developed physical models of commercially-available 2.4 mm and 3.5 mm coaxial calibration kits for vector network analyzers. These models support multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) and open-short-load-thru (OSLT) calibrations, and include error mechanisms in each of the standards' constituent parameters that can be utilized in the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework to propagate uncertainties....
A novel method is proposed for the calibration of channel mismatch in a time-interleaved real-time digital oscilloscope (RTDO). A simple simultaneous equation is derived from the Fourier transform of the time-interleaved signals. Thus, it only requires a transfer function of time-interleaved ADCs (TIADCs), while most of previous works have employed additional filters. A measurement method for the...
We characterize and provide uncertainties for a noninsertable, directional device over a frequency range of 90 to 100 GHz using the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework in conjunction with a commercial vector network analyzer. Our device consists of a chain of components, including a coaxial-to-waveguide adapter, a waveguide band-pass filter, a waveguide low-noise amplifier, a waveguide isolator,...
We present a technique to characterize and correct for linear and weakly nonlinear distortion introduced by the nonideal response of a wideband, high-frequency modulated-signal source. The magnitude and phase relationships between frequency components in a measured modulated signal are maintained by use of a calibrated equivalent-time sampling oscilloscope. The nonidealities of the oscilloscope and...
We examine the impact of characteristic impedance on mismatch corrections for temporal waveform calibrations based on high-speed electro-optic sampling measurements. We show that failing to measure and account for the characteristic impedance of coplanar lines can lead to statistically significant errors in the calibrations in both the time and frequency domains.
We develop and characterize a modulated-signal source for use at millimeter-wave frequencies. Components within the source are phase-locked by a 10 GHz reference source to minimize drift and improve synchronization. The complex frequency response of the source is characterized with a calibrated sampling oscilloscope. We illustrate use of the source by determining the phase error of a vector signal...
Instruments for measuring high-speed waveforms typically require calibration to obtain accurate results. The national metrology institutes of the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and Germany offer measurement services based on electro-optic sampling that can be used to establish a traceable calibration chain between high-speed waveform measurements and the SI. These services are increasingly...
We present a method for establishing traceability of a commercial electronic calibration unit for vector network analyzers by characterizing the scattering parameters of its internal states with repeated multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibrations and utilizing the NIST Microwave Uncertainty Framework to propagate uncertainties. With the electronic calibration unit characterized, we use it to calibrate...
We develop and apply frequency-domain mismatch corrections to a temporal electro-optic sampling system. We use these corrections to characterize the magnitude and phase of electrical sources that are physically far removed from the point at which the electro-optic sampling system measures voltage waveforms. We demonstrate the technique by determining the power spectrum of a photoreceiver-s optical...
We analyze the input networks of the samplers used in the nose-to-nose calibration method. Our model demonstrates that the required input network conditions are satisfied in this method and shows the interconnection errors are limited to measurement uncertainties of input reflection coefficients and adapter S-parameters utilized during the calibration procedure. Further, the input network model fully...
We describe estimation of the magnitude and phase response of a sampling oscilloscope with 50 GHz bandwidth using the nose-to-nose method. The measurements are corrected for the non-ideal properties of the oscilloscope and calibration apparatus, including mismatch and time-base distortion, drift, and jitter. The mean and standard deviation of repeated measurements of an ensemble of three oscilloscope...
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