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This paper describes measurement tools, which help the troubleshooters in networked factories. The interpretation of the recordings is described subsequently. A diagnosis tool integrates the data of several measurement tools chronologically in a data base and interprets them after that. It makes time-dependent operations visibly and offers methods to the abstraction and condensation. The user finds...
Virtual sensors (VS) allow measurement of process parameters where direct measurement is too expensive or even not possible. For the virtual sensors which build their internal process model after the data-driven method, e.g. by use of an artificial neural network (ANN), there is a problem of the evaluation of the prediction performance. The up to date solutions solve this problem only partially and...
This paper introduces a generic framework that is designed to solve complex system design problems by means of optimization approaches. The framework design is made up of components that are responsible for distinct tasks that communicate by extension points. These extension points are for problem specification and setup, different algorithm workflows, display of plots, optimization statistics, display...
An ongoing topic in wireless sensor networks is the aim to save energy. This often requires optimized protocols with a reduced performance and robustness. One currently successful wireless technology with a very strict low-power design is EnOcean. This paper analyzes its protocol performance by deriving an analytical performance analysis model that expresses different protocol aspects and devices'...
Device descriptions play an important role in the design and commissioning of modern automation systems and help reducing the design time and costs. However, all established device descriptions are specialized for certain purposes and suffer from several weaknesses. This hinders a further design automation, which is strongly needed for the more and more complex automation systems. To overcome these...
Future supermarkets will provide instrumented shopping carts, shelves and products so that large amounts of event data of customer's actions inside the store will be recorded. Special data mining algorithms will be necessary for analyzing this data effectively. At present, respective event data is not available. In order to create test data sets for developing, implementing and testing respective...
Internal logistic systems are an important part of the modern industry. Their design is challenging due to high complexity and heterogeneity. It involves as a rule elaborate simulations, but the analysis of the simulation results is often limited to acquisition of key indicators. In addition, analysis of these systems at runtime is difficult due to a large amount of monitoring data. Nonetheless, in-depth...
The energy efficiency is critical for application of wireless sensor networks, since it is a main precondition for their long-live functionality, small modification costs and reliability. This paper deals with the placement of wireless nodes based on the modeling of radio wave propagation. The methods are realized in a planning tool CANDY Wireless Site Finder that provides optimized topologies of...
Send-on-delta sampling is used to reduce the number of triggered events (event rates) in networked control systems, allowing more effective utilization of system resources such as network broadband. However, this sampling may result in irregular samples and uncertainties in the inter-sample behavior, which may deteriorate the quality of control and have to be addressed in the control algorithms. This...
The event-based sampling and control gained much interest in last years, since they allow better resource utilization and a straightforward implementation. A large number of different event-based approaches and algorithms have been proposed. This diversity may confuse a practical engineer that has to implement an event-based control and is not sure what approach he should choose. This paper attempts...
Wireless sensor and control networks are attractive for many embedded system applications mainly because they don't need wired connections for communication or energy supply. Therefore, energy efficiency is an elementary requirement of devices and concerns not only the hardware and communication protocols, but also the device applications. Adaptive sampling approaches promise to reduce the energy...
Process identification, i.e. finding static, dynamic or signal models, requires good knowledge in the application of statistical analysis, signal and system theory. The main goal of this article is to prepare the process identification technology for the process analyst in a clear and understandable way. A new philosophy of usability, process analysis, visualization, consulting and memory function...
The domain of building automation consists of system designs with huge complexity, whereas the major part is the room automation designs. These designs are realized by prefabricated devices which are offered by various manufacturers that support a broad spectrum of functions. This results in the problem of choosing a combination of devices which optimally realize the requirements. In this paper, a...
Model identification and controller design for processes with long dead times requires the availability of tools which support static, dynamic and time series analysis as well as data preparation methods (e.g. dead time correction, filtering algorithms, etc.). ADM, a tool for process identification yields this functionality introducing a new philosophy of usability. In this article this philosophy...
The design of room automation systems is a challenging task with growing complexity and a high optimization potential. On the market, a high number of prefabricated devices from different manufacturers is available for a large variety of functions. This leads to a high number of device combinations and many design variants respectively, that should optimally realize the requirements. To overcome this...
The increasing complexity of modern building automation systems (BAS) results in higher initial investment costs for BAS compared to the costs for conventional building installation. This fact scares many potential customers off the application of BAS, although these systems offer significant energy cost saving potential. To reduce investment costs for BAS, automated design processes offer significant...
Energy efficiency is an elementary requirement for battery-operated wireless sensor networks. Fulfilling this requirement concerns not only the device hardware and communication protocols, but also the device applications. Adaptive sampling approaches allow reducing the number of messages and can therefore be very relevant for sensor networks. This paper evaluates this relevance for different adaptive...
Event-based sampling allows reducing the number of triggered events in networked control systems, promising better resource utilization. However, the resulting irregular samples lead to uncertainty in controller about the plant state between samples, which may strongly degrade the quality of control if standard PID controllers are used. The inter-sample plant behavior can be estimated using state...
Embedded systems are used in many domains today. However, the design process of these systems is complex and time-consuming. In automation domains the complexity can be decreased by using function block based designs to specify the functionality of the system to be created. But this has to be done still manually. This paper introduces an approach to generate such function block based designs automatically...
In this paper, a Smith predictor control scheme is compared with a solution on the basis of a simple PI controller with a virtual sensor. Virtual sensor eliminates the technology-related dead-time and makes the control of dead-time processes possible without high development costs. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme will be demonstrated by simulations of real process with an integrator and long...
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