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A system to measure the noise temperature (NT) of noise sources is implemented in the frequency range of 18-26.5 GHz for the case where noise sources commercially available have only one nominal NT, e.g., 9500 K being equivalent to 15-dB excess noise ratio. For the Y-factor method, two noise sources, i.e., a noise source and another with a radio-frequency attenuator, serve as the standard noise sources...
This paper presents a method using multiple air lines for estimating the complex residual errors of a VNA (vector network analyzer) being calibrated by an dasiaOSLpsila (open-short-load) technique, which is widely used for one-port measurements. It uses a simple circle fit algorithm, together with some techniques to be used for improving the accuracy in finding the center and radius of a circle in...
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