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We propose a novel phase detector (PD) suitable for clock extraction in ultra-fast four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) optical systems that do not utilize digital signal processing (DSP) for clock and data recovery (CDR). The new PD operates with a single sample per symbol and uses simple logical circuits for clock extraction. Excellent performance and low complexity promote the proposed...
Experimentally measured and theoretically deduced model of ENOB of ADC in digital coherent receivers is demonstrated. ENOB impacts on performance of 112 Gbps polarization multiplexed QPSK systems in linear and nonlinear regimes are investigated.
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