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Functional electrical stimulation (FES) involves electrically stimulating the neuromuscular system to generate skeletal muscle contractions in paralyzed muscles. Several new FES applications have been proposed that require closed-loop control systems. Co-contraction of antagonist muscle groups has been postulated as a promising approach for closed-loop control of FES systems. However, this control...
A novel model of the non-ideal behavior present in electrically stimulated muscle contractions in individuals with spinal cord injuries is presented. This model can be incorporated into existing simulations of functional electrical stimulation (FES) systems to examine the potential real-world behavior of the stimulated muscles. An implementation example is provided to show how this model can streamline...
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