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The fragipan (Bx) is a subsurface soil horizon restricting the penetration of roots and infiltration of water due to its high bulk density, low total porosity, and discontinuous voids (so-called closed box system). Additionally, the pan is characterized by a hard or very hard consistence when dry, but brittle when moist. The genesis and evolution of the fragipan have been the subject of many research...
A fragipan horizon is defined as a natural, dense subsurface soil horizon, which restricts the infiltration of water and the penetration of roots. Most fragipans show evidence of degradation, which manifests itself in the formation of bleached tongues along vertical cracks. Despite the fact that fragipans have been extensively studied since the 1940s, the problem of their genesis, degradation and...
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