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Steam injection can significantly reduce the viscosity of heavy oil. In addition to physical effects, chemical reactions such as aquathermolysis also make a difference. However, the current numerical simulators do not include the characterization for the aquathermolysis reactions, making it unable to analyze directly the effect of the aquathermolysis reactions using numerical simulation. To solve...
Ignition delays of dimethyl ether and hydrogen (DME/H2) mixtures (hydrogen blending ratio ranging from 0% to 60%) were measured in a rapid compression machine at compressed temperatures ranging from 655 to 810K and compressed pressures from 16.9 to 24.5bar with an equivalence ratio range of 0.8–1.6. Experimental measurements are compared with results from numerical simulations using the NUIG Mech_56...
A previously developed mesoporous Ni–CaO–ZrO 2 catalyst (NCZ) was submitted to dry reforming of methane (DRM), and the influence of feeding compositions on the properties of accumulated carbon was comprehensively studied. To this end, the used catalysts (NCZ-x) were characterized with a particular focus on the carbon residuals, using X-ray diffraction, N 2 adsorption, transmission...
As a widely recommended alternative fuel for diesel engines, biodiesel has been proven to be useful for the reduction of emissions from diesel engines, especially particle emissions. Equipped with an on-board engine test bench and a portable emission measurement system designed for mobile tests, this work investigated the emission of a Euro III emission standard heavy-duty diesel engine fueled with...
Activated carbon (AC) beads with desirable spherical forms were prepared from phenolic resins using a novel hydrothermal process coupled with a range of post-preparation treatments, and different strategies were employed to dope N-containing functionalities into the AC beads. Texture properties of the samples were characterized by N 2 physisorption and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and...
The NOx emissions of a UK-manufactured domestic/small-scale 50kW th underfeed stoker biomass pellet boiler were experimentally investigated under different air staging configurations including varying primary to secondary air ratios and different heights of the secondary air inlets above the fuel bed. Two different commercial biomass pellet fuels, i.e. standard Class A wood pellets (fuel-N=0...
The ever-increasing global energy demand and the mounting environmental concerns caused by the increasing consumption of fossil fuels call for more and more utilisation of sustainable energy sources such as biomass. Many medium- and large-scale biomass-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plants have been demonstrated and commercialised in many parts of the world, such as several European countries...
Mercury emission from coal combustion is an increasing environmental concern due to its high volatility and toxicity, and activated carbon (AC) adsorption has been proven an effective mercury-control method, with high-cost limit. The renewable bioresource of bamboo constitutes an important precursor for activated carbon, and the bamboo charcoal (BC) may act as low-cost sorbent used in the mercury-control...
In order to reduce the CO 2 emission from the coal-fired power plants, O 2 /CO 2 recycle combustion (Oxy-combustion) technique has been proposed through combining a conventional combustion process with a cryogenic air separation process. The technique is capable of enriching CO 2 concentration and then allowing CO 2 sequestration in an efficient and energy-saving...
This paper presents experimental results of a 20kW vertical combustor equipped with a single pf-burner on pulverised coal combustion in air and O 2 /CO 2 mixtures with NO x recycle. Experimental results on combustion performance and NO x emissions of seven international bituminous coals in air and in O 2 /CO 2 mixtures confirm the previous findings of...
Pulverized coal combustion in air and the mixtures of O 2 /CO 2 has been experimentally investigated in a 20kW down-fired combustor (190mm id×3m). Detailed comparisons of gas temperature profiles, gas composition profiles, char burnouts, conversions of coal–N to NO x and coal–S to SO 2 and CO emissions have been made between coal combustion in air and coal combustion...
Gasification of a char has so far been mainly studied at low temperatures and low heating rates with a TGA (thermogravimetric analyzer). Studies on gasification of a char in CO 2 at elevated temperatures and high heating rates are necessary to develop IGCC technology. With a unique fluidized bed, the effect of pyrolysis time on char reactivity was investigated. It was found that a longer pyrolysis...
In order to utilize the solid residues simultaneously with clean and high-combustion efficiency when firing high sulfur and ash coal sludge generated in coal washing process in China, the mineral composition and usability of combustion solid products were investigated when injecting compound additives into series of coals or coals blended with sludges. In this study, a single burner furnace was used...
A circulating fluidized bed biomass gasification model is developed in the present study. The model consists of sub-models for devolatilization, tar cracking and a chemical reaction network of main gasification reactions and nitrogen chemistry. A total of forty global chemical reactions are included in the model, of which twenty-eight reactions belong to fuel-nitrogen reaction network. Individual...
Coal combustion with O 2 /CO 2 is promising because of its easy CO 2 recovery, extremely low NO x emission and high desulfurization efficiency. Based on our own fundamental experimental data combined with a sophisticated data analysis, its characteristics were investigated. It was revealed that the conversion ratio from fuel-N to exhausted NO in O 2 /CO ...
Studies of the gasification of char in CO 2 at elevated temperatures are necessary for the development of IGCC technology. Experiments at high heating rates and elevated temperatures revealed that the temperature dependence of gasification reactivity was very different for low compared with high temperature ranges. To elucidate these mechanisms, the reaction of mineral matter and the change...
A model for NO and N 2 O emissions from biomass-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors has been developed and evaluated in this study. All the model parameters were chosen for a typical woody biomass–pinewood chips. Both drying and devolatilization of biomass particles were modelled with limited rates, which were selected from the literature based on woody biomass fuels. The partition...
Thirteen coals and a char, with volatile matter ranging from 7.9 to 50.4 wt% (daf) and nitrogen content from 1.2 to 2.1 wt% (daf), were evaluated as reburning fuels in an isothermal drop-tube reactor system. The NO reduction efficiency by coal reburning decreased with increasing primary-zone or secondary (reburning)-zone air:fuel stoichiometry. The NO reduction efficiency was also nearly proportional...
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