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Borrowing information from historical or external data to inform inference in a current trial is an expanding field in the era of precision medicine, where trials are often performed in small patient cohorts for practical or ethical reasons. Even though methods proposed for borrowing from external data are mainly based on Bayesian approaches that incorporate external information into the prior for...
Bayesian clinical trials can benefit from available historical information through the specification of informative prior distributions. Concerns are however often raised about the potential for prior‐data conflict and the impact of Bayes test decisions on frequentist operating characteristics, with particular attention being assigned to inflation of type I error (TIE) rates. This motivates the development...