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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of most frequent neurological disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and striatum. The typical reaction of central neural system (CNS) on neurodegenerative processes is microglia activation and the inflammatory reaction. Microglia activation stimulates astrocytes response, playing important role in neuroimmune reaction. Microglia...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. It is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, which occurs mainly in the substantia nigra (SN), resulting in the loss of nerve terminals, accompanied by a decreased concentration of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites in the striatum. Concurrently with neurodegeneration, a chronic inflammation occurs...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative disorder, which etiology and pathogenesis remains unknown. Post mortem analysis of PD brain and studies on neurotoxic animal models of PD have provided evidence to support the involvement of oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of PD. The high level of nitric oxide (NO) is produced by iNOS during the neuroinflammatory...
17β-estradiol (E2) have been shown to reduce damage of the nigrostriatal system following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The immunosuppressive properties of this hormone may be involved in estrogen-mediated nigro-striatal neuroprotection. We studied the chronic effects of two doses of E2: 0.25 and 2.5 mg per pellet (21-days release) administered 7 days prior MPTP treatment in...
In many neurological diseases, an infl ammatory reaction in the brain is observed. In some of them, as in multiple sclerosis, the brain infl ammation is a result of a systemic autoimmune response. In others, like the Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury and stroke, an infl ammation and glial proliferation in the brain are a secondary phenomenon to neural degeneration or injury. The...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with cognitive defi cits, developing independently from motor disorders. These defi cits may be associated with brain neuronal damage. In this study, using the experimental model for MS – autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated whether EAE will result in the damage of hippocampal neurons and selective defi cits in learning and memory, and whether there...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is characterized by abnormal loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons, accompanied by DA defi ciency in the striatum. The pathomechanism by which DA neurons degenerate is still unknown, however, there is increasing evidence that is possible immunological mechanisms involvement in the etiopathogenesis of PD. The aim of the present study...
The neuroprotective action of 17β-estradiol (E2) against 1-methyl4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been shown in both female and male mice, however the exact mechanisms of that phenomenon remain obscured. We studied the chronic effects of E2 (0.25 mg per pellet, 21-days release) administered 7 days prior (Experiment 1) to or 3 days after (Experiment 2) MPTP intoxication (40 mg/kg, i.p...
The pathogenesis of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex and not fully understood, but is believed to be related to the widespread nature of dopaminergic dysfunction involving structures beyond the substantia nigra. Therefore we’ve also focused in our experiments on specifi c brain regions (e.g. hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) critically involved in spatial learning and memory...
Interleukine 10 (IL-10) – an antiinfl ammatory cytokine produced by lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes including microglia. IL10 modulates the biological activities of immune cells resulting in a decreased production of pro-infl ammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of an adeno-associated viral type-2 (AAV2)...
Many data suggest involvement of inflammation in neurodegeneration. However, the exact mechanisms of this cooperation are poorly understood. We have previously shown that induction of inflammatory reaction, both before and after injury of the striatum, affects regeneration of dopaminergic neurons. In the present research we studied the role of inflammatory reaction in non-injured striatum. We used...
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