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System Protection Schemes (SPS) have the potential to greatly enhance the utilization of the network, often by automatically disconnecting generators in response to contingency events. However, malfunctions of such systems may expose the system to harmful blackouts. The operation of unreliable SPS is therefore subject to a cost-benefit balance between the benefits of increased system utilization and...
Currently network security is treated within a deterministic and preventive control framework where network constraints and balancing costs are not fully optimised by applying a range of advanced, technically effective and economically efficient corrective (or post-fault) actions from flexible network technologies such as phase shifter transformers, reactive compensation and HVDC links. This may be...
In principle, a electricity transmission network security standard that is established within a risk-based framework is superior over the deterministic approach, usually presented in the form of an N-k type rule, as it balances more accurately the reliability (and other) benefits against operation and investment costs incurred to deliver these benefits. However, in the absence of advance technology...
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