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Propagation characteristics of low-frequency radio waves at short ranges and with high propagation angles are analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain and one-way/two-way parabolic equation (PE) methods. Both narrow-angle (NA) and wide-angle (WA) PE expressions are considered. It is observed that the NAPE method is hard to be applied in the region where the propagation angle is above 15°, whereas...
We previously introduced the parabolic equation (PE) method, based on the split-step Fourier-transform (SSFT) algorithm, to efficiently predict Loran-C additional secondary factor (ASF) over irregular terrain. The main disadvantage of this method, however, is that it cannot be used to model the actual time-domain (TD) modulated Gaussian pulse signal propagation due to the nature of the frequency-domain...
Propagation characteristics of Loran-C signals in the irregular terrain are analyzed by the calibrated two-way narrow angle parabolic equation (NAPE) method. As we only concerned with the signal waveform of the first three cycles in the time domain, most of the backward waves have not yet arrived at the moment observed. For the amplitude of the Loran-C signal in each cycle is not fixed, the backward...
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