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Nuclear export of unspliced and singly spliced viral mRNA is a critical step in the HIV life cycle. The structural basis by which the virus selects its own mRNA among more abundant host cellular RNAs for export has been a mystery for more than 25 years. Here, we describe an unusual topological structure that the virus uses to recognize its own mRNA. The viral Rev response element (RRE) adopts an “A”-like...
Genome duality in ciliated protozoa offers a unique system to showcase their epigenome as a model of inheritance. In Oxytricha, the somatic genome is responsible for vegetative growth, whereas the germline contributes DNA to the next sexual generation. Somatic nuclear development removes all transposons and other so-called “junk” DNA, which comprise ∼95% of the germline. We demonstrate that Piwi-interacting...
Phytochromes are photoreceptors that regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. In this issue of Cell, Ryu et al. (2005) show that PAPP5, a type 5 protein phosphatase, acts on a biologically active phytochrome, increasing its stability and affinity for a downstream signal transducer and thus enhancing plant photoresponses.
We present the solution structure of MAP30, a plant protein with anti-HIV and anti-tumor activities. Structural analysis and subsequent biochemical assays lead to several novel discoveries. First, MAP30 acts like a DNA glycosylase/apurinic (ap) lyase, an additional activity distinct from its known RNA N-glycosidase activity toward the 28S rRNA. Glycosylase/ap lyase activity explains MAP30's apparent...
Arabidopsis COP9 is a component of a large protein complex that is essential for the light control of a developmental switch and whose conformation or size is modulated by light. The complex is acidic, binds heparin, and is localized within the nucleus. Biochemical purification of the complex to near homogeneity revealed that it contains 12 distinct subunits. One of the other subunits is COP11, mutations...
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