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In this paper, we overcome the problem of energy holes in UWSNs while considering the unique characteristics of underwater communication. In proposed scheme we consider UWSNs where nodes are manually deployed according to the defined deployment pattern to satisfy our application requirements in terms of energy saving. We used mixed routing technique i.e. direct transmission and hop-by-hop transmission...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) nodes are equipped with limited battery power and battery replacement is expensive due to underwater harsh environment. Therefore, we propose EBECRP an energy Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Cluster based Routing Protocol for UWSNs. In depth base routing protocols nodes near the sink (low depth nodes) die in no time because of high load. We...
This paper will implement the use of two-point block method in the form of predictor-corrector Adams-Moulton to solve first order neutral delay differential equations (NDDES) of pantograph type. This two-point block method will compute the numerical solution at two points simultaneously. This method will approximate the solutions using constant step size. The delay solutions for the unknown function...
The numerical solution of neutral delay differential equation (NDDE) with variable step size implementation in multistep block method is addressed in this paper. The strategy of variable step size was actually from the idea in adapting the step size control mechanism in the block method that allows each block to have different step size ratios as it moves in the interval. Special attention is paid...
The purpose of this paper is to solve directly the second order delay differential equations (DDEs) using The extended two and extended three point implicit one-step block methods using constant step size. The formulae for the extended two and extended three point implicit one-step block methods will be derived using Lagrange interpolation polynomial. The stability polynomials for the methods are...
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