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BACKGROUND
Insect pests negatively affect crop quality and yield. The excessive use of chemical pesticides has serious impacts on the environment and food safety. Therefore, development of effective management strategies in the form of bio‐agents have important agricultural applications. Tenebrio molitor, a storage pest, causes losses of grains, medicinal materials, and various agricultural and related...
The orienteering problem (OP) and prize‐collecting traveling salesman problem (PCTSP) are two typical TSPs with profits, in which each vertex has a profit and the goal is to visit several vertices to optimize the collected profit and travel costs. The OP aims to collect the maximum profit without exceeding the given travel cost. The PCTSP seeks to minimize the travel costs while ensuring a minimum...