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The direct current (DC) furnace, the earliest type of the electric arc furnace (EAF), was popularized at the end of the 1980s. Even in its heyday, there were always doubts about its superiority due to some imperfections of the DC furnace (e.g., the problems of the bottom electrode system). The water-cooled billet electrode, which is classified as one of the four types of the bottom electrodes, has...
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