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Acute cholangitis results from bile duct obstruction and subsequent bacterial superinfection of the stagnant bile. Choledocholithiasis and biliary strictures are the most common causes of acute cholangitis, with enteric Gram‐negative bacteria as the most common pathogens. Increased ductal pressure from obstruction causes systemic bacterial spreading and impairs penetration of antibiotic into bile;...
Endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation (EPBD) are endoscopic techniques that are used for the removal of bile duct stones. Although EST and EPBD have become established techniques, occasionally the management of bile duct stones may be difficult in cases of large stones, multiple stones, and tapering or tortuosity of the distal common bile duct. In such patients,...
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