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Bi-directional methods are widely used in scientific and productive measurements. By the symmetric principle, systematic errors are largely cancelled. The technique of Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) is a typical example. Using the reciprocated radio signals emitted at two Earth laboratories and exchanged through a geostationary telecommunication satellite, the atmosphere delay...
NTSC (National Time Service Center) is responsible for Chinese national time scale generation and has being applied TWSTFT (two-way satellite time and frequency transfer, TW for short) for time transfer since 1998. NTSC was one of the first UTC laboratories practicing TWSTFT in China. From 2002 to 2004, TWSTFT was the major technique for NTSC contributing to UTC. Since 2007, direct NTSC-European TWSTFT...
The differential calibrations of GPS Common-View time-receiving equipment have been made for over twenty years. Until recently, TWSTFT calibrations have been rare due to a lack of suitable equipment. Now, the Technical University of Graz is providing such a calibration service, and this paper describes a simultaneous differential calibration of the IEN/PTB time link by GPS CV and TWSTFT. The GPS calibration,...
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