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Ionospheric topside sounders stimulate a wide variety of signal returns, which have been labeled plasma resonances, including two sequences that appear between the harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency fce. One, known as the Qn sequence, occurs above the upper-hybrid frequency fuh, where fuh2 = fce2 + fpe2 and fpe is the electron plasma frequency; this sequence has been attributed to slowly-propagating...
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