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The remarkable ability to generate an embryo from a single fertilized oocyte and to regenerate tissues that are injured or going through natural physiological turnover, is the direct result of stem cells, nature’s gift to multicellular organisms. Only recently, studies on marine invertebrates have revealed the diversity of phenomena involved with these cells and their importance to the biology of...
Chimerism is the presence of cells derived from more than one individual in a given individual. This phenomenon has been detected in a wide variety of multicellular organisms, including vertebrates. In mammals natural chimerism can develop from bidirectional trafficking of cells between multiple fetuses or between the fetus and its mother during pregnancy. Because stem cells are the only self-renewing...
Can stem cells be defined as legitimate units of selection (UOS)? Here I review traits of hallmark stem cells (many of which are manifested in marine organisms), which collectively reveal that some types of stem cells behave as real UOS entities. The two existing categories of stem cells maintain the soma and the germ line, have infallible high capacity for self-renewal, produce diverse lines of differentiated...
Do real stem cells and stem cell lineages exist in lower organisms? Can stem cells from one organism parasitize the soma and/or the germ line of conspecifics? Can differentiated cells in marine organisms be re-programmed to regenerate tissues, organs and appendages through novel de-differentiation, transdifferentiation, or re-differentiation processes, leading to virtually all three germ layers,...
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