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The effect of the nozzle geometry on the pressure drop of a sand filter was experimentally studied. Four nozzles were analysed: one commercially produced with a conical shape and three alternative cylindrical underdrains that differed in the location and the number of slots. Experiments in both filtration mode and backwashing conditions for a wide range of superficial velocities were carried out....
Energy consumption in pressurised irrigation systems has become a major issue, even when microirrigation is used. Although the emitters used in microirrigation operate at low pressures, their filters require higher pressures and there is therefore no reduction in energy consumption. Part of the pressure drop found in filters is produced by the porous medium itself and this cannot be avoided. However,...
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