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A ceramic membrane was generally regarded as a black box, which was useless to explain the essential mechanism of the membrane process. The Carman–Kozeny (C–K) and Hagen–Poiseuille (H–P) equations were improved to predict water permeability of ceramic membranes. Therefore, the effects of microstructure parameters (pore size, thickness and porosity) of ceramic membranes on pure water flux were quantified...
Concentration and desalination of NT dye solutions by nanofiltration were studied experimentally with a spiral-wound nanofiltration membrane element. The decrease of permeation flux and increase of the observed NaCl rejection were observed due to the formation of the gel layer and possibly the precipitate layer on the membrane surface due to the high bulk NT concentration. By analyzing concentration...
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