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The PDG (Powered Descent Guidance) algorithm provides a numerical method for onboard generation of guidance profiles for use during the powered-descent phase of Mars pinpoint or precision landing. The algorithm incorporates both state and control constraints, including minimum and maximum thrust limits, glideslope constraints to avoid impacting the surface, and speed and attitude constraints. These...
Mars landers to date have flown ballistic entry trajectories with no trajectory control after the final maneuver before entry. 12Improvements in landing accuracies (from ~150 km from the target for Mars Pathfinder to ~30-40 km for MER and Phoenix) have been driven by approach navigation improvements. MSL will fly the first guided-entry trajectory to Mars, further improving accuracy to ~10-12 km from...
In the course of neurobiological studies the following discovery has been made: Extracted rat nerve cells which show no physical connections start combining and connecting each other to functional, active networks without any further influence. During this process the interconnection of neighboring as well as more distant nerve cells to smaller or global networks is guaranteed by axonal growth. Furthermore,...
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