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Parasitic worms (helminths) with complex life cycles divide growth and development between successive hosts. Using data from 597 species of acanthocephalans, cestodes, and nematodes with two‐host life cycles, we found that helminths with larger intermediate hosts were more likely to infect larger, endothermic definitive hosts, although some evolutionary shifts in definitive host mass occurred without...
There is a clear tendency in nature for males to compete more strongly for fertilizations than females, yet the ultimate reasons for this are still unclear. Many researchers—dating back to Darwin and Bateman—have argued that the difference is ultimately driven by the fact that males (by definition) produce smaller and more numerous gametes than females. However, this view has recently been challenged,...
Reproductive males face a trade‐off between expenditure on precopulatory male–male competition—increasing the number of females that they secure as mates—and sperm competition—increasing their fertilization success with those females. Previous sperm allocation models have focused on scramble competition in which males compete by searching for mates and the number of matings rises linearly with precopulatory...
Switching from one host to the next is a critical life‐history transition in parasites with complex life cycles. Growth and mortality rates are thought to influence the optimal time and size at transmission, but these rates are difficult to measure in parasites. The parasite life cycle, in particular the trophic link along which transmission occurs, may be a reasonable proxy for these rates, leading...
The divergence of conspecific recognition signals (CRS) among isolated populations facilitates the evolution of behavioral barriers to gene flow. The influence of CRS evolution on signal effectiveness in isolated populations can be assessed by testing the salience of changes in CRS from surviving ancestral populations but founder events are rarely detected. The population history of the North Island...
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