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Identifying effective and valid surrogate markers to make inference about a treatment effect on long‐term outcomes is an important step in improving the efficiency of clinical trials. Replacing a long‐term outcome with short‐term and/or cheaper surrogate markers can potentially shorten study duration and reduce trial costs. There is sizable statistical literature on methods to quantify the effectiveness...
The potential benefit of using a surrogate marker in place of a long‐term primary outcome is very attractive in terms of the impact on study length and cost. Many available methods for quantifying the effectiveness of a surrogate endpoint either rely on strict parametric modeling assumptions or require that the primary outcome and surrogate marker are fully observed that is, not subject to censoring...