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This paper introduces a Massive MIMO system for 5G New Radio (NR). Compared with LTE, which is initially designed for a single wide beam per cell, the system in the paper is natively designed for multiple narrow beams to fully utilize the benefits of Massive MIMO. Beside Massive MIMO, other 5G features, such as wide bandwidth and low latency, introduce additional challenges to hardware implantations...
Various types of small cell base stations (SBSs) are deployed randomly in heterogeneous small cell network to meet the soaring growth in traffic, which leads to more and more complex network topological structure and resource management. In this paper, we analyze the coverage performance and energy efficiency of a two tier heterogeneous network which is composed of micro tier and pico tier. With the...
In this paper, we investigate the energy consumption issue which stems from the enormous number of running small cells deploying in the heterogeneous networks. We first propose two power consumption models so as to characterize the active state and the idle state of small cells respectively. Then two sleep modes for small cells tier, random sleep mode and load-awareness dynamic sleep mode, are proposed...
The hysteresis of the outbound handover in heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with both a macrocell and small cells is investigated in this paper. The hysteresis has a significant effect on the handover performance in terms of the handover initiation delay and unnecessary handovers. Meanwhile, the User Equipment (UE) speed is a critical factor which has a dramatic influence on the handover performance...
In the latest release of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards, which will be completed in September 2011, it was decided to standardize relay nodes (RN) for the purpose of improving coverage. This makes RNs very suitable tools for increasing the coverage of low population density areas. The RN is a new type of node that was not previously standardized in 3GPP before and, as such, created new challenges...
A novel zone based downlink frequency planning scheme in relay enhanced cellular systems is proposed in this paper. There are two basic frequency planning methods for relay nodes in one cell: spectrum sharing which can avoid intra-cell interference between relay nodes to improve channel quality; spectrum reusing which can increase amount of available channels for each relay node. Neither of these...
An adaptive distributed precoding scheme is proposed for coordinated multi-point transmission systems. The precoding vector used by coordinated base station (BS) is determined by adaptive gradient iteration according to the perturbation vector and adjustment factor. The user equipment only feeds one quantized adjustment factor back to each coordinated BS. The adjustment factor is selected based on...
For optimum utiLization of available agricultural land resources on a sustainable basis, timely and reLiable information regarding their nature, extent and spatial distribution along with their potential and Limitations is very important. The efficiency and accuracy of data are improved when remote sensing data products and GIS are used. This study aims at overcoming the difficulty of contributing...
Multifunctional agriculture (MFA) has become a widely appLied term. This paper presents an overview of background, theory and tools of MFA. In theory MFA require a special framework in institutional analysis. The IAD and SES framework can make significant contributions in this analysis. Modern techniques, such as remote sensing and GIS, are among the most powerful tools for modeLing, analyzing and...
Rapid land-use change has taken place in many ecologically transitional zone of China over the last two decades due to rehabiLitation measures. In this paper, land-use change and ecosystems services value dynamics were investigated by the combined use of satelLite remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS). The results show the significant decrease in barren land mainly due to conversion...
Chongqing district is located in the southwest part of China. For the reason of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area Chongqing district receives a lot of attention from the Chinese government and international societies. In the study, using normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)as an indicator of vegetation activity, seasonal trends of vegetation activity and their dynamic in Chongqing were explored...
Polyol is an environment-friendly agent for drilling fluids. Solid polyol is composed of polyglycol with the average molecular weight ranging from 5500 to 7500, polyoxyethylene ether L61, and calcium lignosulfonate, and their mass ration is 1.95-2.05: 0.95-1.05: 1.95-2.05. They are nontoxic, which ensures that the solid polyol is environment-friendly. In addition to having the advantages of liquid...
Blind source separation (BSS) has promising applications in many fields such as communications and biomedical engineering. It is often necessary to realize the BSS algorithm in real time. In this paper field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) is used to implement the information-maximization (Infomax) algorithm of BSS with a fixed-point number representation. A system design of the Infomax BSS algorithm...
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