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The pharyngeal arches are a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head of vertebrate embryos. In humans, and other amniotes, there are five pharyngeal arches and traditionally these have been labelled from cranial to caudal—1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. This numbering is odd—there is no ‘5’. Two reasons have been given for this. One is that during development, a ‘fifth’ arch forms transiently but...
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