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The latest ECMWF global reanalysis, ERA5, is able to provide hourly surface pressure and water vapor-weighted mean temperature (Tm), which are two key factors in GPS precipitable water vapor (PWV) retrieval. Performance of surface pressure, surface air temperature, and Tm derived from ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim (ERAI) are evaluated by comparing with more than 2000 meteorological stations...
Abstract. This paper presents a set of efficient formulas to evaluate the deflections of the vertical on the sphere using gridded data. The Vening-Meinesz formula, the topographic indirect effect on the deflections of the vertical as well as the terrain corrections are expressed as both 2D and 1D convolutions on the sphere, and consequently can be evaluated by the 2D and the 1D fast Fourier transform...
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