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Multiflagellate sperm represent a rare defect in mammals and also in the emu where an incidence of only 1% multiflagellate sperm was recorded in semen samples from 15 birds. Biflagellate sperm were the most frequent form of the defect observed, but 3- to 5-tailed sperm were also noted. An association was apparent between multiple tails and macrocephalic sperm, which accounted for 0.6% of multiflagellate...
The accurate assessment of avian sperm abnormalities is hampered by a lack of descriptive data and by the confusing terminology currently in use. Critical appraisal of semen samples from the distal ductus deferens of the emu revealed that two closely related yet separate (distinct) defects previously collectively referred to as “bent sperm” or “crooked-necked sperm” could be identified by light and...
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