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Context Eco-environmental effects of urbanization are a focus in landscape ecology. Objective The influences of population, economic and spatial development during the urbanization process in Beijing City, China on net primary productivity (NPP) were analyzed. The responding mechanism of NPP in different urbanization stages was also examined to develop advice about eco-environmental sustainability...
Natural capital is the limiting and irreplaceable factor in human welfare and sustainability. Regarding the “constancy of total natural capital” as a prudent minimum condition for sustainability, a three-dimensional ecological footprint (3DEF) model can distinguish the occupation of natural capital stock and the consumption of natural capital flows, and achieve reliable measures of the human demand...
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