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Using a panel data set based on repeated questionnaire surveys of Japanese start-up firms, this study examines the effects of numerical labor flexibility on the innovation outcomes of start-up firms, a topic on which there is currently insufficient research. Here, numerical labor flexibility is defined as the external labor turnover of regular employees and the proportion of non-regular employees,...
This paper analyzes the effects of patents and trademarks in the financing of start-ups through venture capitalists (VCs). Patents and trademarks signal a start-up's technological and marketing capabilities. We find that patents and trademarks not only have direct effects on venture capital financing but also have complementary effects. Start-ups that apply for both patents and trademarks yield higher...
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