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Closed-loop supply chain network with several kinds of operation links involves the manufactured and remanufactured heterogeneous products. The closed-loop supply chain network models prior to and post their horizontal integration are developed. The variational inequality formulations of the models are given. Finally, numerical examples are solved by using the proposed models.
A bi-level programming model is proposed by using the methods of equilibrium theory and variational inequality. The upper level model accounts for that the environmental protection agency can promote environmental benefit at possibly lower incentive and supervision costs. The lower level model describes the competitive behavior of the decision-makers under different incentive and supervision strategies,...
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