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A typical characteristic of the insect innate immune system is the activation of the serine protease cascade in the hemolymph. As being the terminal component of the extracellular serine protease cascade in the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system, proPO‐activating factors (PPAFs) activated by the upstream cascade may generate active phenoloxidase, which then induces downstream melanization...
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